Types
of Text
Descriptive
text
1.The
Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say
what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a
particular person, place, or thing
2.The
Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as
below: Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description;
describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3.The
Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying
process. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. Using simple present
tense
Example: My
Cat Gregory
Gregory
is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a
dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a
ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he
spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat. He enjoys
TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with
cat food commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor
of only the most expensive brands. Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he
is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle up
against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain
your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as
many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my
friends. After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and
smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him
for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits.
Narative
Text
Definition
of Narrative
Narrative
is a text focusing specific participants. Its social function is to tell
stories or past events and entertain the readers.
Generic
Structure of Narrative
A
narrative text will consists of the following structure:
1. Orientation:
Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2. Complication:
Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3. Resolution:
Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
Language
Features of Narrative
·Using
processes verbs
·Using
temporal conjunction
·Using
Simple Past Tense
Example : Snow White
In earlier times there lived a
, who named Snow White . He lived with his aunt and uncle because his parents
died . One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in
the castle because they wanted to go to America and they did not have enough
money to take Snow White with them . princess Snow White did not want her uncle
and aunt to do this . So he decided to escape .
The next day he ran away from
home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast , he fled into the wood . In
the wood she felt very tired and hungry . Then she saw this cottage . She
knocked but no one answered her so she went inside and felt asleep Meanwhile
seven dwarfs came home from his work . They get into . There, they found Snow
White woke up from his sleep . He saw the dwarfs . The dwarf said : " What
is your name ? ' Snow White said , " My name is Snow White . " One
dwarf said , " If you want , you can stay here with us . ' Snow White tells
all about her story . Then daughter snow and the seven dwarves are now living
happily ever after.
Report Text
In general, the report text is one
kind of text into "factual texts." The text of this kind is often
said to be the "twin brother" descriptive text so naturally many
students "confused" how to distinguish the two texts.
Previously, short and simple, it's
been a strange explanation about the differences between them (read: confused
report text or descriptive text); Again it's just a small difference, and
almost all the students can digest. Therefore, to explore what the report text,
let us consider together the following information:
Definition of Report Text
Generic Structure Report Text
Characteristics of Report Text
Example Report Text: Thanksgiving
Day
Example Report Text: Venice
Example :
Report Text
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is
a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for peace, and the attempt of Native
Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.
In the past, Thanksgiving was
celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In North America, however, it
was originally held to thank God for their survival in the new land which was
not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated as in New
England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and in
Canada. Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in
the U.S and on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated
in four to five days in the North America and for three days in Canada.
It is celebrated through families
and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in the
thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In
Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps
are lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china
and antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.
Spoof Text
Definition and Social Function
of Spoof
Spoof
is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with
unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share
the story.
Generic
Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals
or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Example : Spoof Text
Soon after he left college, Dave
found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died
and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate
agency.
Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and
moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming
toward the door of his office.
“It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly
picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important
call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in
the country.
The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came
in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then
the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to
connect your telephone”
News
Item Text
News item is a text which informs readers
about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant,
time, place)
3. Resource of information
Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Example : Growing Number of High School Student Smoking
A survey has found about 13 percent
of first-time smokers in the country are junior high school students. It also
revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers.
The survey was conducted in five
major cities across the country, including Surakarta in Central Java.
Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the
Surakarta Health Agency’s respiratory illness division, said that the finding
of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers. "This situation
is a cause for concern,” he said. “It appears the country’s younger generation
is uneducated about the health risks of smoking.”
The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign
has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the government refuses to sign the
international convention on tobacco control. It said that cigarette producers
contributed to a large amount to state revenue and gave jobs to thousands of
workers.
Review Text
a. What is the Review
Text ?
Review text is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie, video game,
musical composition, book; a piece of hardware like a car, home appliance, or
computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a play,
musical theatre show or dance show.
b. Purpose
of Review Text
Review text is used to critic the events or art works for the reader or
listener, such as movies, shows, book, and others.
c. Generic Structure
of Review Text
-
Orientation : Background information of the text.
-
Evaluations : Concluding statement : judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It
can consist ot more than one.
- Interpretative Recount : Summary of an
art works including character and plot.
-
Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch
line of the art works being criticized.
Example: Harry
Potter: Order of the Phoenix
I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always
hold a special place in my heart.
I have to say that of all the books, however, this one was not my favorite.
When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug
of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately
satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works
you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to
the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a
slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of the other books has
slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we’re reading all
about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Reading
in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is
still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or
reading about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play
rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has
apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in
this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in
his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted,
considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over
nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned
into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight. The “real” story seemed to
happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the
ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me
care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it
would have been great.
Hortatory Exposition Text
According to Hartono (2005), the
generic structure of hortatory exposition are:
1. Thesis
Thesis
is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and
argument. In the end, it can be true or false. Thesis is introducing the topic
and indicating the writer’s position. The thesis consists of statement or
announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments
This
is the phases which try to examine and support that the thesis stated above is
true. It is explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position. The
arguments then will lead to recommendation. Example: Firstly, smoking in a
restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn
them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by
foul smelling smoke.
3. Recommendation
This
part give suggestions which contains what should or should not be done or
happen based on the given arguments. This recommendation is differentiating
from analytical exposition. It is restating the writer’s position. Example: It
is suggested that smokers consider stopping smoking for their health.
Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health
risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.
Language features of hortatory
exposition text
- A
hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non-human participants,
except for speaker writer referring to self.
- It
uses mental processes: to state what the speaker / writer thinks or feels
about something, e.g. realize, feel.
- It
often needs material processes: to state what happens, e.g. .... has
polluted...., etc.
- It
usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
- Enumeration
is sometimes necessary to show the list of the given arguments: Firstly,
secondly, finally, et.
- Modal
auxiliary is usually used: can, may, should, etc.
Example :
Hortatory Exposition Text
A hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written
text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should
or should not happen or be done. In other words, the main function Hortatory
Exposition texts is to persuade the reader or listener that something should or
should not be the case. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer
needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. This kind of
text is called as argumentative essay. It presents argument to support the
thesis that state in the orientation. It means that the text emphasize
something and give recommendation to persuade and convinced the readers.
Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific
books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures,
research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic
community and educated people. It means that the text that asserts something to
the readers by giving supporting statement and evidence to convince it. To make
the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the
fundamental reasons why something is the case.
According Pardiono (2007) there are some general
characteristic or features of hortatory exposition text: communicative purpose,
schematic structure (generic structure), and linguistic feature. Communicative
purpose is driving the readers to act like the writer thought as stated in the
text. Semantic structure or generic structure consists are thesis, argument,
and recommendation. Thesis is a writer’s statement of his or her position about
a certain topic or problem. Argument contains description of facts to support
his or her statement. It is commonly more than one argument. Recommendation
contains a suggestion, an advice or a recommendation. Then the last is language
features contains appropriate grammar in the text.
Discussion
Text
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This
problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly
found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
Statement of
issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of
supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of
contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
Recommendation;
stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
Introducing
category or generic participant
Using
thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using
additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however,
etc
Using
modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial
of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example : Television
Television becomes part
of our life. Everyday we watch television. We usually watch television after
working, getting together with our family, even when we are working. As the
part of our life, television has bad and good effects. People have different
opinion about the negative and positive impacts of watching TV. The bad effects
most people say are TV makes us lack of movement. We stay for a long time in
our TV. It's not healthy life. They also say that TV influence our daily life.
Sometimes we don't realize that we become more consuming after watching various
ads. Some TV shows influence the way children act. The rudeness and violence
come to our house without permission through television. But, the other people
say that television has a good impact. We can get much information from TV.
When there is something happened in another city, we know directly, fastly
through the news on TV. TV also makes us relax. After working all day, we come
home and turn on TV to watch funny and comedy videos. We can conclude that TV
has a good and bad effects to our life. Our task is how to choose the good
things and try to take away the bad one.
Anecdote Text
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or
imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Example : CLARK FAMILY
There
was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with ninechildren. They had a dream to go to America. The
family worked and saved. They weremaking plan to travel with their
children to America. It had taken several years but finallythey had saved
enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for thewhole
family member in a new liner to America.The
entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life inAmerica.
However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog.The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the
possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for
long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came.The family dreams were dashed. They could not make
the trip to America as they had planned.The father was full of
disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch theship leaved without him
and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed bothhis son and God
for the misfortune.Five days latter, the
tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mightyTitanic, had shank.
It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been
called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.The Clak family should have been on that ship, but
because of the bitten son by adog,
they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son
andthanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It
was a blessing behind a tragedy.
Explanation Text
Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of
natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ about the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to
be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain
the phenomena.
Language Feature of Explanation
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
Example :
Explanation Text
Recount Text
Definition of Recount
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the
past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no
complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative
Generic Structure of Recount
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place
and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the
story
Language Feature of Recount
• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
• Using simple past tense
Example : Recount Text
Last morning, Dinar, my roommate
woke up late and she had to go to campus.
When she wanted to take her
motorcycle, in fact she couldn’t move it because there were some motorcycles
that blocked up her motorcycle.
She tried to move all of the
motorcycles, so that her motorcycle could move from the garage. But she
couldn’t do it.
Then, she called Adel who had that
motorcycle which blocked it up. After that, her friend who had that motorcycle
helped her. Finally, she could move her motorcycle and rode it to go to campus.
Anakytical
Exposition Text
Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition
is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.
Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important
matter.
Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and
indicating the writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
Language Features of Analytical Exposition
·
Using relational process
·
Using internal conjunction
·
Using causal conjunction
·
Using Simple Present Tense
Example
: The Dangerous of Using Drugs
Everybody must pay attention of
drugs. Drugs are very dangerous for us. Why it is very dangerous for us?
Because its can caused harm to our body.
In terms of health, many organs in our body can be harm
because using drug. In general, the impact of using drug are can unconscious,
make us hallucinate, can harm our nerve, and cause addictive effect. Beside
that, using drugs can make the users depressed, liver disease, schizophrenia,
blockage of blood vessels, dehydration, optic nerve damage, brain damage, and
finally it can cause DEATH!
When viewed in terms of Islamic law, drugs are forbidden.
Because it is cause badness, self harm, debilitate. And Islam proscribes all
that can cause badness, self harm because it is included zhalim. Also if we
using drugs, it means we already do the forbidden things in Islam, it means we
sin. So, in terms of Islamic law, using drugs also dangerous.
Furthermore, if the users of drugs are teenagers, it can
endanger their future, and endanger their homeland, their country. From the
data, 32 percent of drugs users in Indonesia are teenagers, so, if many
teenagers –in this case Indonesia- use drugs, it can be endanger this country,
harm youth generation, whereas youths are nation expectation. If the youth
using drugs, our nation can be destroy!
So, from now on we must pay attention of drugs, because it’s
very dangerous, both in terms of health, religion (Islam), nationality and
state.
Procedure
Text
Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that
show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is
completely done through a sequence of series
Generic Structure of
Procedure
1. Goal: showing the
purpose
2. Material: Telling the
needed materials
3. Step 1-end:
Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
Language Feature of
Procedure
- Using temporal
conjunction
- Using action
verb
- Using
imperative sentence
- Using Simple
Present Tense
Example : HOW TO MAKE INDOMIE FRIED NOODLE
MATERIALS :
- One pack of instant noodle
- Water
PROCEDURE :
- First, boil two glasses of water in a pan.
- Then, open the package of Indomie fried noodles.
- While waiting for the water to boil, pour the seasoning: chili sauce, soya
sauce and oil into a bowl.
- After the water is boiled, drain the noodles.
- Next, throw away the water.
- Then, pour the noodles into the bowl.
- After that, mix the noodles with the seasoning, sauce, and the other
ingredients.
- Now, your noodles are ready.
